Comparison of Return to Sports and Competition After the Arthroscopic Bristow-Latarjet Procedure Versus Arthroscopic Bankart Repair in Adolescents With Recurrent Anterior Shoulder Instability.

BACKGROUND: The use of isolated soft tissue repair versus bone block stabilization for the treatment of recurrent anterior shoulder instability in adolescents has no scientific evidence. PURPOSE: To compare the clinical outcomes of adolescent patients who underwent isolated arthroscopic Bankart (iB) repair with those who underwent the arthroscopic Bristow-Latarjet procedure in addition to Bankart (BLB) repair. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: A total of 60 shoulders in adolescents (aged 13-18 years) were reviewed with a minimum 2 years' follow-up: iB repair (n = 36) and arthroscopic Bankart repair with an additional Bristow-Latarjet procedure (BLB; n = 24). The characteristics of the patients in each group in terms of age at the first instability episode, age at surgery, hyperlaxity, participation in at-risk sports, and Instability Severity Index Score were comparable. The mean follow-up was longer in the iB group (7.7 vs 4.1 years, respectively), whereas the rates of patients engaged in competition and those with glenoid lesions were higher in the BLB group. The primary outcome measures were failure, defined as the recurrence of instability (clinical dislocation or subluxation), and return to sports. The mean follow-up was 6.2 years (range, 2-16 years). RESULTS: At the last follow-up, the rate of recurrence was significantly higher in the iB group, with 22% (8/36) failures, than in the BLB group, with 8% (2/24) instability recurrences (P < .05). The rate of return to sports at the same level was significantly higher after the BLB repair than after iB repair (79% vs 47%, respectively; P < .001). No statistical difference was found in patient-reported outcome scores between treatment groups (P > .05). Although failures occurred early after the BLB repair, 88% of failures after iB repair occurred after 2 years. On multivariate analysis, adolescents in the iB group with >3 episodes of preoperative dislocation and shoulder hyperlaxity (external rotation >90°) had a 60% recurrence rate (P < .005). CONCLUSION: Adolescent patients undergoing the BLB repair had a lower rate of recurrent instability and higher rates of return to sports and competition than those undergoing iB repair. Patients with shoulder hyperlaxity (external rotation >90°) and >3 dislocations had an unacceptable failure rate of 60% after iB repair.

A 3-Dimensional Suture Technique for Flexor Tendon Repair: A Biomechanical Study.

PURPOSE: Flexor tendon injury continues to pose a number of challenges for hand surgeons. Improving mechanical properties of repairs should allow for earlier and unprotected rehabilitation. A 3-dimensional (3D) 4-strand suture technique has been proposed to combine high tensile strength and low gliding resistance without causing suture pullout due to tendon delamination. Our hypothesis is that the 3D technique can result in better mechanical properties than the Adelaide technique. METHODS: Four groups of 10 porcine flexor tendons were sutured using the 3D or Adelaide technique with a 3-0 polypropylene or ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) suture. The axial traction test to failure was performed on each tendon to measure 2-mm gap force and ultimate tensile strength. RESULTS: The mean 2-mm gap force was 49 N for group A (3D + polypropylene), 145 N for group B (3D + UHMWPE), 47 N for group C (Adelaide + polypropylene), and 80 N for group D (Adelaide + UHMWPE). Failure mode was caused by suture breakage for group A (10/10) and mainly by suture pullout for the other groups (8/10 up to 10/10). With the UHMWPE suture, the mean ultimate tensile strength was 145 N for the 3D technique and 80 N for the Adelaide technique. CONCLUSIONS: Porcine flexor tendons repaired using the 3D technique and UHMWPE suture exceeded a 2-mm gap force and tensile strength of 140 N. The ultimate tensile strength was superior to that of the Adelaide technique, regardless of the suture material. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This in vitro study on porcine flexor tendon suture highlights that the mechanical properties of 3D repair are better than those of 3D repair using the Adelaide technique when a UHMWPE suture is used.

A follow-up of pain reported by children undergoing outpatient surgery using a smartphone application: AlgoDARPEF multicenter descriptive prospective study.

ABSTRACT: In pediatric patients, pain remains the most common complaint after surgery. This French multicenter epidemiological study (AlgoDARPEF) aimed to evaluate the use of a smartphone application (App) to assess the duration and severity of pain experienced by children undergoing outpatient surgery. Children younger than 18 years scheduled for an elective outpatient procedure in one of the participating centers were eligible. Parents were invited to provide daily information for 10 days regarding their child's pain and comfort through a smartphone App using the Parents' Postoperative Pain Measure-Short-Form (PPPM-SF). Children older than 6 years could also provide self-assessments of pain using a numerical rating scale (NRS)-11. Data regarding pain medication, preoperative anxiety, postoperative nausea and vomiting, and parent satisfaction were also analyzed. Repeated-measures analyses of variances (ANOVAs) were used to compare the self-assessments and hetero-assessments of pain. Eleven centers participated in the study, and 1573 patients were recruited. Forty-nine percentage of parents (n = 772) actually used the App at least once. In all surgeries, the average pain rating on the PPPM-SF scale did not exceed 3/10 throughout the follow-up period, as well as for 4 main surgical specialties. Age, visceral surgery, and preoperative anxiety ≥ 4/10 were identified as independent risk factors for experiencing at least 1 episode of pain ≥4/10 during the first 48 postoperative hours. Although these findings indicated that postoperative pain management seems to be satisfactory in the families who used the App, some improvements in anxiety management are suggested. This study shows that inviting parents to use a smartphone App to assess and report the quality of postoperative management in pediatric patients provides useful information. A continuous report regarding pain and adverse events over a 10-day postoperative period by a self-reporting or parent's contribution is possible. Future studies should investigate the ability of live data collection using an App to ensure fast, efficient interactions between patients and physicians.

Surgical increase in thoracic kyphosis predicts increase of cervical lordosis after thoracic fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

PURPOSE: The modification of cervical lordosis (CL) after adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) surgery is influenced by the correction of thoracic hypokyphosis. The quantification of the increase of CL as a function of the increase of thoracic kyphosis (TK) has never been calculated. METHODS: A total of 92 consecutive AIS patients who underwent a posterior thoracic selective fusion, corrected by simultaneous translation on 2 rods technique, with minimum 24-month follow-up, were analyzed from a prospective database. We evaluated global sagittal kyphosis and lordosis. CL was divided by the horizontal line in proximal (PCL) and distal cervical lordosis (DCL), likewise TK in proximal (PTK) and distal TK (DTK), and lumbar lordosis (LL) in proximal (PLL) and distal LL (DLL). RESULTS: The mean TK gain was 16°, 14° and 28° in the whole cohort, normokyphosis group and hypokyphosis group, respectively. The mean DCL gain was, respectively, 9°, 7° and 20° and the mean CL gain 8°, 5° and 21°. There was a strong correlation between TK gain and CL gain (coefficient = 0.86) and between TK gain and DCL gain (coefficient = 0.74). The regression equation was defined as DCLgain = - 3 + 0.75 × TKgain (p < 0.0001) corresponding on average to 60% of the TK gain. CONCLUSION: 60% of the TK gain was transferred to DCL gain. Correlations reflect the geometrical equivalence between PTK and DCL. The use of sagittal global measurements shows that DCL is equivalent to PTK and can be expressed as a function of pelvic parameters (DCL = PT + LL-PI). DCL must be considered to optimize the postoperative sagittal alignment of the spine.

Lumbopelvic parameters can be used to predict thoracic kyphosis in adolescents.

PURPOSE: Distal thoracic kyphosis (DTK) equivalent to proximal lumbar lordosis (PLL) is the sum of pelvic tilt (PT) and the difference (Δ) between lumbar lordosis (LL) and pelvic incidence (PI): PLL = DTK = PT + Δ. With the assumption that proximal thoracic kyphosis (PTK) is similar to DTK, we propose the equation TK = 2(PT + LL - PI) to express the relationship between thoracic kyphosis (TK) and pelvic parameters. The objective of this work is to verify this relationship in a normal population. METHODS: Full spine radiographs of 100 adolescents and young adults (13 to 20 years old), free from vertebral pathology, were analyzed. Measurements included pelvic parameters, LL, PLL, DLL, TK, PTK, DTK and C7 global tilt. The measured global TK was compared with the theoretical TK calculated according to the formula TK = 2(PT + LL - PI). RESULTS: The difference between measured TK and calculated TK was + 2.3° and correlated with the C7 global tilt (r = 0.86). There was a significant linear regression between TK and PT + ∆ (p < 0.0001). Given radiographs' inter-rater reliability of 5° for angled measurements, the p value (0.047) between measured TK and calculated TK is statistically significant to support the hypothesis. CONCLUSION: This work validates the formula TK = 2(PT + LL - PI) which allows the calculation of global TK as a function of PT, LL and PI. This calculated TK can be used as a target for sagittal correction of adolescents with spine deformities. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.

Botulinum Toxin in Children with Cerebral Palsy: An Update.

Injected in a muscle, the botulinum toxin causes localized and temporary paralysis by acting on the neuromuscular synapse. Currently, it is widely prescribed for the treatment of limb spasticity in children from the age of 2 years. Combined with rehabilitation and other treatments, it helps to progress in motor learning, promotes functional progression, and delays orthopaedic degradations.Numerous randomized, placebo-controlled studies have shown efficacy in reducing spasticity, improving passive and active mobility, reducing pain, and improving upper limb comfort care. The side effects are rare and commonplace.The injection technique is accessible after specific training and practice. The indication is better evaluated by a multidisciplinary team. A precise clinical evaluation, assisted by an instrumental analysis (videography, spatiotemporal parameters, kinematics, kinetics, and electromyography), makes it possible to determine the aims of the treatment and to evaluate the outcome.The objective of this review is to present current evidence base and practices regarding the use of botulinum toxin in children with cerebral palsy.

Double minute chromosomes harboring MDM2 amplification in a pediatric atypical lipomatous tumor.

Adipocytic tumors are rare in children and are mostly benign. Less than 25 cases of pediatric well-differentiated liposarcoma (WDLPS), atypical lipomatous tumors (ALT), and dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDLPS) have been reported. Among them, only three cases were genetically analyzed. We describe the genetic features of a rapidly growing adipose tumor that occurred in the thigh of a 7-year-old girl. Histologically, it was composed of mature adipocytic cells with a few atypia. Molecular analysis showed high-level amplification of the 12q13-21 region including MDM2 among 64 amplified genes. MDM2 amplification is a diagnostic hallmark of ALT/WDLPS/DDLPS. In adult cases, it is typically located in ring or giant marker chromosomes. In the present case, extra-copies of MDM2 were located on double minute chromosomes (dmin). This raised the hypothesis of dmin being precursors of adult's rings and giant markers and may provide indications for a better understanding of the mechanisms of adipose tumor oncogenesis.

Cobalt-chrome and titanium alloy rods provide similar coronal and sagittal correction in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

BACKGROUND: Cobalt-chrome (CoCr) and the titanium alloy TA6V (Ti) are the materials most widely used for spinal instrumentations in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). The objective of this work was to compare the effectiveness of CoCr and Ti rods in terms of coronal and sagittal correction by pedicle screw constructs in patients with AIS. HYPOTHESIS: Correction is similar with CoCr and Ti rods in patients with AIS. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A retrospective single surgeon study was conducted in patients with AIS managed using pedicle screw posterior spinal fusion with high implant density and reduction by postero-medial translation. Follow-up was more than 2 years in all patients. Patients were divided into two groups based on whether the rods used were made of CoCr (n=30) or Ti (n=33). The groups were identical for age, Risser classification, follow-up duration, type of curve, and implant density. Coronal and sagittal parameters on standing full-spine radiographs were analysed using graphics software before surgery then 1 month after surgery and at last follow-up. Quantitative data were compared by applying Student's t test. RESULTS: The percentage of main curve correction at last follow-up was the same in the two groups (76%/75%) (p=0.7). Gains in thoracic kyphosis (12°/13°) and lumbar lordosis (8°/10°) were not significantly different between groups. At last follow-up, 3 patients had proximal junctional kyphosis, 1 in the CoCr group and 2 in the Ti group (p=0.6). CONCLUSION: For posterior spinal fusion to treat AIS, with a high density of pedicle screws, correction by translation, and 6 mm rods, CoCr rods and Ti rods produce the same amount of coronal and sagittal correction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV, comparative retrospective study with no control group.

Conservative treatment of a pathologic fracture of the scaphoid bone in a child: A case report.

RATIONALE: Tumors of the scaphoid are rare, and some can cause pathological fractures. No cases of pathological fractures of the scaphoid have been reported in children. The most common treatment for pathologic fractures of the scaphoid bone associated with a benign lesion in adults is surgical, with intralesional curettage associated with autologous bone grafting and internal fixation. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 10-year-old boy presented with wrist pain after falling from his height. DIAGNOSES: X-ray, CT-scan and MRI showed a pathological undisplaced fracture of the scaphoid on a benign lytic lesion. INTERVENTIONS: The arm was immobilized in a below-elbow cast. OUTCOMES: The fracture healed within 4 months of immobilization. 3 years after the fracture, the functional status was normal, and the lytic lesion could not be seen on radiographs. LESSONS: Retrospectively, the most probable etiology was a ganglion cyst. Our case suggests that some pathological fractures of the scaphoid may not need surgery, especially not in children.

Can Gartland II and III supracondylar humerus fractures be treated using Blount's method in the emergency room?

BACKGROUND: Studies have established that Blount's method is reliable for treating extension supracondylar fractures (SCFs) in paediatric patients. Reduction in the emergency room (ER) under procedural sedation followed by orthopaedic treatment is increasingly used for many fracture types. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether SCF reduction in the ER was feasible, by determining the failure rate. The secondary objective was to identify causes of failure with the goal of improving patient selection to reduction in the ER. HYPOTHESIS: Gartland II and III SCFs (Lagrange-Rigault grades 2-4) can be treated in the emergency room under fluoroscopic guidance and with procedural sedation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted in 128 paediatric patients who underwent ER reduction of an SCF in 2014-2015. Mean age was 5.6 years. Reduction was performed either by an orthopaedic surgery resident or by a specially trained emergency physician. RESULTS: Of the 128 SCFs, 101 (79%) were Gartland II and 27 Gartland III. In the Lagrange-Rigault classification, 55 (43%) fractures were grade 2, 59 (46%) were grade 3, and 14 (11%) were grade 4. The arm was immobilised using the cuff-and-collar method described by Blount for 4 weeks. All 128 fractures healed without delay. Blount's method alone was effective in 112 (87.5%) patients. Of the 16 other patients, 15 (Lagrange-Rigault 3, n=14; and 4, n=1) had an unstable fracture after ER reduction and were managed by reduction and internal fixation in the operating room. The remaining patient (0.5%) experienced secondary displacement requiring revision surgery in the operating room. CONCLUSION: SCFs grades 2 to 4 in the Lagrange-Rigault classification (Gartland II and III) can be treated in the ER by specially trained physicians. Lagrange-Rigault grade 3/Gartland III SCFs are more likely to require subsequent internal fixation but do not contraindicate reduction in the ER. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV, retrospective study.

A simulation model of nail bed suture and nail fixation: description and preliminary evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Wounds of the finger nail bed represent a frequent injury, especially in children. Residents often learn nail bed repair on patients without prior training. We aimed to develop and evaluate a "low-fidelity" simulation model of nail bed repair. METHODS: The model consists of a false nail on a plastic finger and a hydrocolloid dressing, which is pasted on the nail bed site and cut horizontally. This model allows nail bed suture and nail fixation. The cost of each model is about $1. Thirty-three doctors evaluated this model on 10 items, rated out of five, concerning the realism, the difficulty of the procedure, and the educational value. The duration of the procedure was also noted. We evaluated the clinical effectiveness by comparing through Fisher's exact test the ratio of unsuitable events (revision surgeries, surgical site infections, and complaint letters) on two periods-3 y before and 18 mo after the implementation of this model in our institution, respectively. RESULTS: Average mark was 4.16/5. The model was considered reliable, reproducible, and realistic. All the testers recognized a big educational value. The overall duration of the procedure averaged 23 min for residents and 11 min for surgeons. We collected 17 unsuitable events out of 84 patients from the period "before" and 2 out of 54 patients from the period "after" (P = 0.005). Revision surgeries were 10/84 from the period before and 2/54 from the period after (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the internal and clinical evaluations are encouraging. We suggest integration of this model into the training program of residents.

Influence of Derotation Connectors on 3D Surgical Correction of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis.

STUDY DESIGN: Monocentric study comparing results of simultaneous translation on 2 rods (ST2R) with derotation connectors (prospective series) or without derotation connectors (retrospective series) in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) surgery. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess if derotation connectors influence axial, coronal, and sagittal results in AIS surgery. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Conventional reduction techniques remain limited in their ability to reduce axial torsion. Direct vertebral derotation technique accomplishes partial axial derotation but decreases thoracic kyphosis. METHODS: Monocentric study including AIS surgeries performed using ST2R technique with derotation connectors (group D+, n=44) or without derotation connectors (group D-, n=24). The axial intervertebral rotation was measured between apical and neutral vertebra on pre and postoperative computed tomography scan. T test was used to compare mean values. ANCOVA analyzed the influence of connectors and covariates on the primary outcome, which was the difference between preoperative and postoperative intervertebral rotation. RESULTS: The mean axial torsion gain in the D+ group was 23% (+3.84 degrees, 95% confidence interval, +1.95/+5.73). In the D- group, mean axial torsion increase of 4% (-0.42 degrees, 95% confidence interval, -1.19/+2.03). The result was significantly different between the 2 groups (P=0.005). The coronal correction of the main curve angle was 80% in the D+ group and 64% in the D- group (P=0.004). Kyphosis correction was similar between the 2 groups (P=0.3) with significant increase of thoracic kyphosis in the whole series (P=0.02) and no patients with postoperative hypokyphosis <10 degrees. Multivariate analysis confirmed the influence of derotation connectors on both axial and coronal correction (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The use of derotation connectors in the surgical treatment of AIS significantly improved axial and coronal correction compared to nonuse of connectors without compromising the sagittal plane.

Prognostic Role of Rib Hump in Overlying Thoracic Curve Correction Above Selective Fusion for Lenke 5 Idiopathic Adolescent Scoliosis.

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether rib hump is a prognostic factor of final thoracic Cobb angle. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Correction of thoracolumbar/lumbar curve, preoperative thoracic curves angle, thoracic curves angle on bending, the thoracolumbar-lumbar angle/thoracic curves angle ratio, thoracic kyphosis, and growth stage influences spontaneous correction of uninstrumented thoracic curves angle above selective fusion for Lenke 5 Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis. Indeed, preoperative rib hump has never been expressly evaluated as a prognostic factor of final thoracic curves angle. METHODS: In total, 50 patients with Lenke 5 Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis, selectively instrumented with posterior construct were included. Two patients were lost to follow-up and 48 had follow-up ≥2 years. Demographic data, preoperative thoracic rib hump (measured in millimeter in trunk anteflexion), and radiologic spinal parameters were recorded preoperatively and at last consultation. T test was used to compare mean values, linear and logistic regressions to assess predictability of final thoracic curve angle. RESULTS: Main thoracolumbar-lumbar curve angle decreased from 47 degrees (range, 36-72 degrees) to 12 degrees at the final consultation (range, 1-28 degrees). Thoracic curves angle decreased from 26 degrees (range, 2-40 degrees) preoperatively to 16 degrees (range, 2-41 degrees) at the final consultation (P=0.001) (correction=37%). Preoperative rib hump was present in 10 patients. Final thoracic Cobb angle was 27 degrees (8-41 degrees) in patients with rib hump and 14 degrees (0-32 degrees) in patients without rib hump (P<0.001).Multiregression highlighted thoracic curves angle on bending (P=0.001), preoperative thoracic curves angle (P=0.011) and rib hump (P=0.012) as prognostic factors of higher final thoracic curves angle. CONCLUSION: Rib hump significantly influenced final thoracic curves angle. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III-prospective study.

Advanced containment methods for Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease: triple pelvic osteotomy versus Chiari osteotomy.

INTRODUCTION: The goal of intervention in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD) is to prevent femoral head deformation by containing the head within the acetabulum. Currently, surgical containment methods are the mainstay of treatment, and pelvic osteotomies have been shown to be successful. They include triple pelvic osteotomy (TPO), Salter osteotomy, Chiari osteotomy and shelf procedure. The purpose of this study was to compare clinical and radiologic results for Chiari osteotomy and TPO in LCPD. METHODS: 29 children treated between 1980 and 2010 for LCPD in 2 centres were reviewed. 19 underwent TPO, and 10, Chiari osteotomy. Two independent observers assessed sequential radiographs and medical data. Each hip was preoperatively classed by clinical data, Catteral, Herring and Salter-Thompson classification, centre-edge angle (CE), and acetabular index (AI). The 2 groups were first tested for their comparability. After surgery the hips were classified by Stulberg classification, CE, AI, Harris Hip Score (HHS) and performance of further surgery. Chiari osteotomy and TPO have been secondary compared on these data by Wilcoxon test. RESULTS: Average follow-up was 4.2 years. The 2 groups were comparable before surgery. At first and last follow-up examination, statistically significantly superior results in patients with TPO regarding Stulberg classification (p = 0.01), AI (p = 0.002), pain (p = 0.02) and function (p = 0.01) in the HHS score were found. No differences were noticed concerning CE angle. CONCLUSIONS: In our series, TPO provided better radiologic and clinical outcomes compared to Chiari osteotomy, specially concerning the final Stulberg classification. We concluded that TPO should be preferred when indicated.

Infantile myofibromatosis of the iliac bone.

INTRODUCTION: Solitary infantile myofibromatosis (IM) of bone is a rare benign osseous tumor of childhood with low rate of recurrence. Well documented within the multicenter form, its solitary intraosseous location is less well described. CASE REPORT: We present a rare case of intraosseous myofibromatosis arising the iliac bone of a 11-year-old girl, who was operated at 2 months of life for a retroauricular subcutaneous MF with unbalanced translocation t(9;16). She presented with a limping associated to a stiffness of the hip without pain. Imaging disclosed a 4×4×1cm intraosseous, lytic and heterogeneous mass with a soft tissue component on the medial cortical of the left iliac bone. Open biopsy was performed. Histology revealed proliferation of fusiform cells with eosinophil cytoplasm embedded in a myxoid and fibrous stroma without mitotic figures. On immunohistochemistry, cells were positive for actin, PS100, KL1, focally positive for EMA, CD34, P63, rarely CD31, which indicated diagnosis of new localization of IM. Cytogenetic analysis revealed absence of translocation t(9;16), which was found in the first tumor. Subsequent total resection was performed. The patient recovered normal function without recurrence of tumor at 3 years follow-up. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first case of solitary IM of the iliac bone, occurring 12 years after the first localization. Total resection resulted in excellent outcome. However recurrence can happen even long time after the first resection and new localization is possible, as in our case. This suggests close follow-up and clear information about the risk of recurrence.